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Consequently, before any recommendations regarding training program design can be provided effects on the aforementioned performance and neuromuscular outcome measures must be determined. To the authors' knowledge no study has investigated the effects of moderate-load muscular endurance strength training on neuromuscular performance and functional capacity in older individuals. Given that lower-limb extension power is an important determinant of functional capacity ( Bassey et al., 1992), it may be that moderate-load muscular endurance strength training is not best suited to improve power and perhaps functional capacity in turn. (2015) demonstrated that performing contractions in a controlled manner (i.e., 2 s concentric and 2 s eccentric) during training did not lead to improvements in leg press maximum concentric peak power in older individuals. (2002) demonstrated that a “high rep” group performing 20-28 repetitions for two sets (1 min rest) improved maximum strength, muscular endurance and aerobic capacity, giving a broader range of improvements compared to the “low and intermediate rep” groups who performed 3-5 repetitions for four sets (3 min rest) and 9-11 repetitions for three sets (2 min rest), respectively. These findings may indicate that a better overall impact (i.e., broader range of adaptations) may occur during strength training that is defined as muscular endurance strength training i.e., moderate-loads (40-60% of maximum), ~10-15 repetitions per sets and is particularly characterized by very short inter-set rest periods (~30-60 s Clayton et al., 2015).Ĭertainly the prospect of combating several facets of impaired age-related functional capacity and metabolic health within one training regime is an attractive notion. Furthermore, results of another meta-analysis suggest that improvements in systolic blood pressure and other markers of metabolic syndrome were more likely to be favorable when the training program included a higher total number of repetitions and was of longer duration (>10 weeks) ( Strasser et al., 2010). There is emerging evidence that low-load strength training may be similarly effective to high-load training in previously untrained older adults for gains in strength and muscle mass ( Taaffe et al., 1996 Tanimoto and Ishii, 2006 Van Roie et al., 2013), which is reflected by results of a recent meta-analysis ( Csapo and Alegre, 2016). In addition to strength and muscle mass, important aspects of function and health that may be compromised during aging, such as power and rate of force development that are important factors in functional capacity ( Bassey et al., 1992 Steib et al., 2010), can be enhanced through strength training in older individuals ( Henwood and Taaffe, 2005 Lovell et al., 2010). There is an abundance of literature supporting the use of progressive high-load strength training to increase strength and muscle mass ( Fiatarone et al., 1990 Häkkinen et al., 1998 Harridge et al., 1999 Walker et al., 2014).
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While benefits occurred during muscular endurance strength training, specific stimuli are probably needed to target all aspects of age-related health.Ĭombating the age-associated loss of strength, power and muscle mass through strength training is of great importance to maintain functional capacity ( Raj et al., 2010) and prevent certain diseases (e.g., Srikanthan and Karlamangla, 2011). Compared to control, the intervention groups increased maximum strength (1-RM men: 10 ± 7% vs. Vastus lateralis cross-sectional area was measured by panoramic ultrasound. Quadriceps muscle activation was assessed by surface electromyogram and twitch interpolation technique. Functional capacity was assessed by maximum speed walking tests (i.e., forward walk, backward walk, timed-up-and-go, and stair climb tests). Concentric leg press actions measured maximum strength (1-RM) and concentric peak power. Intervention training included super-sets (i.e., paired exercises, immediately performing the second exercises following completion of the first) with short rest intervals (30–60 s between sets) at an intensity of 50–60% one-repetition maximum (1-RM) for 15–20 repetitions.
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Eighty-one men and women acted as an intervention group while 22 acted as non-training controls (age range 64–75 y). The present study determined the effects of muscular endurance strength training on maximum strength and power, functional capacity, muscle activation and hypertrophy in older men and women. 2Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.1Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences and Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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